Biochemistry

Abstract: Annona muricata L. plant extracts have been studied for anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antiarthiritic
properties which provides an excellent supplement for the pharmacological industry. The aim of this
study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, inhibition of pro-inflammatory
enzymes and biomolecule oxidation of different solvent extract of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves and fruits. In
vitro radical scavenging activities of leaves and fruit extracts were assessed using DPPH, H2O2, hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. In vitro pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibitory activity was
assessed using inhibition of hyaluronidase, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes. Anti-arthritic activity of the
plants was analyzed using protein degradation method. In DPPH assay, the ethanol solvent extract showed greater
potential in leaves and fruit amongst all other solvent extracts. Ethanol leaves extract showed the highest value of
H2O2, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. In In vitro pro-inflammatory enzymes
inhibitory activity, the ethanol extract of leaves showed greater activity than fruit extracts. Inhibition of protein
oxidation and lipid peroxidation were found higher in leaves ethanol extracts compared to other solvent extracts.
Leaves showed the highest free radical scavenging potential and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings suggest
that the ethanol leaves extract could be used as a preventive therapy against inflammatory diseases and arthritis
associated with protein denaturation.

ABSTRACT: Carissa carandas is a well-known traditional medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmaceutical properties. In the present studies, three Carissa carandas fruit extract varieties were investigated for the activities relevant to type 2 diabetes mellitus, including inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Different solvent extracts such as methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Carissa carandas fruits were evaluated to determine the level of biological activities such as antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity by in-vitro approaches. Sour green, sour pink, and sweet varieties of Carissa Carandas fruits were used in this study. Free radical scavenging activity of fruit extracts was assessed using DPPH, H2O2, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, ferric ion, and total antioxidant capacity. Among the three different extracts from the three varieties, the ethanol extract of the sour green variety showed the strongest α- amylase, and α -glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 270.4±1.73 μg/ml and 127.96±0.91 μg/ml), mainly due to the higher antioxidant activity. These extracts were evaluated using various in-vitro assays such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, DPPH, and ferrous ion chelating activity. Methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts from the three varieties protected the lipids and proteins from oxidative stress. The higher anti-diabetic activity and free radical scavenging activity of sour green fruit ethanol extract can be allocated to a high content of its phenolic compounds. The present study provided data showing the use of green sour fruit extract for therapeutic application.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women and the second most a common cause of cancer death in women
in the U.S. Breast cancer refers to cancers originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts
or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. This study was aimed to analyze that anticancer activity of Tamarindus indica
L. fruit pulp and Cassia auriculata L. leaves extract against breast cancer cell line and evaluate Qualitative phytochemical
analysis. Then evaluate Quantitative phytochemical analysis. Finally evaluate the DPPH assay. To evaluate the MTT assay.
To evaluate DNA fragmentation. Phytochemical analysis various test analysed done and cell line are studied and viability are
calculated. Molecular mechanisms of action of biologically active substances derived from plants are associated with
cytotoxicity, cytostaticity and/or with apoptosis. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is initiated in response to damages in
hereditary material and represents a series of genetically controlled events, resulting in elimination of damaged cells.
Key words: Breast cancer, cytotoxicity, diseases, carcinoma

The Present Investigation Was Focused To Evaluate Different Criteria With Five Different Medicinal Plants Like Azadirachtaindica, Lawsoniainermis, Mentha Arvensis, Murraya Koenigii, And Oscimum Sanctum Were Screened To Assess Its Antimicrobial Activity Against Both Human And Phytopathogenic Microorganisms Compared With Acetone, Chloroform, Ethanol And Methanol Extract. In Order To Elucidate Bioactive Compounds, The Phytochemical Analysis Revealed Presence Of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Steroids, Flavonoids, Triterpenoid, Proteins, Amino Acids, Saponins, Tannins And Phenolic Compounds In The Obtained Plant Extracts. The Results Impart A Significant Piece Of Information Concerning The Antimicrobial Potential Against Different Human Pathogens, Which Attributes Plants As Rich Source Of Antimicrobial Agents.
Keywords: Azadirachtaindica, Lawsoniainermis, Mentha Arvensis, Murraya Koenigii, And Oscimum Sanctum

The palatability of food is enhanced by attractive colours. Colour, possibly more than any other factor, influences the
acceptances of product by consumers. Colour is often seen as synonymous with quality and is used as a strong indicator of
product safety and value. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit it has been widely consumed in various
cultures for thousands of years. The pomegranate belongs to the family 3 Punicacea. This study was aimed to Extraction of
food colourant from Punica granatum (Pomegranate) peel extract. To isolate colour pigment from Pomegranate peel extract.then
Pigment extraction. To evaluate Stability test (pH and Temperature). To evaluate the Sensory analysis. To evaluate Product
development (Jelly). This concludes that the acetone was very active in extracting polyphenolic compounds but it was not
effective as methanol in extracting antibacterial and antifungal compounds from pomegranate peel.
Key words: Punica granatum L., colour pigment, anti bacterial, anti fungal

Exploring Tinospora Cordifolia's Therapeutic Potential against Lambda-Cyhalothrin-Mediated Erythrocyte Impairment

Unveiling the Qualitative Phytochemical Composition and assessing Antioxidant and Antibacterial activities of Senna Auriculata Flower Extracts

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This review article delves into the growing concern over the eating, sleeping habits, and health issues faced by college students during their academic journey. The transition from high school to college often leads to newfound independence and responsibilities, impacting their overall well-being. Irregular eating patterns, including meal skipping and reliance on fast food and unhealthy snacks, have become prevalent among college students due to busy schedules and time constraints. These unhealthy dietary choices contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight gain, ultimately affecting academic performance. Moreover, sleep deprivation is a common issue among college students, caused by late-night studying, social activities, and part-time work commitments. The excessive use of electronic devices before bedtime disrupts sleep patterns, leading to impaired cognitive function, weakened immune systems, and an increased risk of mood disorders. Emotional eating and substance use further compound these challenges as students resort to unhealthy coping mechanisms to manage stress and anxiety. The combination of these factors poses significant health risks for college students, hindering academic performance and overall well-being. Nutritional imbalances can impact memory retention and decision-making abilities, while chronic sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making students more susceptible to illnesses, affecting their overall academic experience. To address these concerns, this article emphasizes the importance of prioritizing student health and well-being in colleges.

This comprehensive review investigates the intricate relationship between mobile phone exposure and child health, examining the potential repercussions on physical, cognitive, and psychosocial well-being. With the pervasive integration of mobile devices into daily life, especially among the younger population, concerns have arisen regarding the potential impact on children's health.
The review delves into the existing body of research, synthesizing evidence on the physiological effects of mobile phone exposure, encompassing issues such as radiation exposure and its potential links to adverse health outcomes. Additionally, cognitive implications are explored, considering the impact on attention span, memory, and academic performance in the context of developing brains.
Furthermore, the review addresses psychosocial aspects, investigating potential correlations between excessive mobile phone use and social behavior, emotional well-being, and the development of interpersonal relationships. Special attention is given to the role of screen time in influencing sleep patterns, as disrupted sleep has been identified as a significant factor in both cognitive and physical health.
Throughout the review, methodological considerations and gaps in the current literature are critically assessed, providing insights into areas that require further investigation. The synthesis of findings aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between mobile phone exposure and child health, informing future research directions and public health initiatives. As society continues to grapple with the increasing prevalence of mobile technology, a holistic understanding of its impact on the health and development of the younger generation becomes imperative for shaping policies and interventions that promote the well-being of children in the digital age.

As the number of working women increases in today's fast-paced society, the need for effective physical and mental health management strategies becomes imperative. This comprehensive review paper examines the challenges faced by working women in maintaining a healthy work-life balance and explores various strategies to promote their well-being. The paper delves into the impact of work-related stress, sedentary lifestyles, and psychological factors on the physical and mental health of women in the workforce. Furthermore, it discusses evidence-based approaches, such as mindfulness practices, exercise regimes, flexible work arrangements, and social support networks, that can aid in fostering optimal health outcomes for working women. Through this review, we aim to provide valuable insights and recommendations for individuals, employers, and policymakers to create a supportive environment that enhances the physical and mental health of working women. By empowering women to proactively manage their well-being, we envision a future where working women can thrive both personally and professionally, achieving a harmonious balance in their lives.

This abstract explores the dynamic landscape of women entrepreneurship in India, focusing on the imperative of unleashing their potential to drive transformation and overcome barriers. Despite progress, women entrepreneurs in India face numerous challenges, including cultural biases, limited access to finance and networks, and systemic obstacles. However, empowering women entrepreneurs not only enhances gender equality but also fuels economic growth and social development. This paper examines strategies for unlocking the full potential of women entrepreneurs, such as fostering supportive ecosystems, providing access to mentorship and resources, and challenging societal norms. Through studies and empirical evidence, it highlights the transformative impact of women-led businesses in India. By empowering women entrepreneurs to break barriers and drive change, India can harness their untapped potential as catalysts for innovation, job creation, and inclusive economic development. This abstract advocates for concerted efforts from stakeholders across sectors to create an enabling environment where women entrepreneurs can thrive and contribute to India's socio-economic advancement.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field with the potential to revolutionize many
aspects of the life sciences. This article explores the exciting possibilities of AI in fields of life
sciences. AI can help researchers analyze large amounts of data more efficiently, leading to faster
and more accurate results. In drug discovery, AI can be used to predict the efficacy and safety of
potential drugs, reducing the time and cost of bringing new treatments to market. In engineering,
AI can be used to optimize the design of materials and devices, leading to more efficient and
effective products. In healthcare, AI can be used to analyze patient data and develop personalized
treatment plans. Despite these concerns, it seems that AI is here to stay, and scientists are finding
new and innovative ways to harness its power. This article provides a comprehensive overview
of the current state of AI in the life sciences, including its potential benefits, ethical
considerations, potential risks, limitations, impact the employment landscape. It is a valuable
resource for researchers, students, and anyone interested in the future of science and technology.

Revolutionizing Resource Recovery: A Profound Examination of AI-Powered Troubleshooting in Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Drilling Operations

AI-Enhanced Insights in Bone Remodeling Science: A Comprehensive Review of Research and Applications

Coauthor- A Healing Touch: The Role of Nanoparticles and Artificial Intelligence in Wound Healing - A Comprehensive Review of AI in Healing Research

An AI Based Approach for diagnosis of dental caries – A Comprehensive Review

MKJC�S
The Herbalist�s Handbook Handbook: A Guide to Medicinal Plants and Healing Teas

2. Dr. MAGENDIRA MANI has authored a practical manual for the first year, first semester of Biochemistry titled "Practical Manual for Nutritional Biochemistry." The ISBN number for this publication is 978-93-80690-93-3. It has been published by Raagaas and is available through Bodhivanam, located at Ahmed Complex Ground Floor, 12/293, Royapettah High Road, Royapettah, Chennai - 600014, India.

3. Dr. MAGENDIRA MANI has authored a practical manual for the first year, first semester of Biotechnology titled "Practical Manual for Biological Chemistry." The ISBN number for this publication is 978-93-80690-93-3. It has been published by Raagaas and is available through Bodhivanam, located at Ahmed Complex Ground Floor, 12/293, Royapettah High Road, Royapettah, Chennai - 600014, India

The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro wound healing effects of the ethanolic extracts of Ruellia tuberosa obtained by cytotoxicity, cell scratch assay, antioxidant activity, and selected phytochemical constituents. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometry methods. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts on 3T3 cell line were evaluated by Mosmann, (1983) method. Furthermore, migration and spreading of the treated fibroblast cells were assessed by cell scratch assay as an in vitro wound healing model. The results of the cytotoxicity assay indicated that the ethanolic extract did not have any cytotoxic effect on fibroblast cells The cell was exposed to different concentrations of test compound for 48hrs and the cytotoxic effect of the extract was evaluated. The percentage viability 3T3 Cell line at the highest treated concentration of Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract was observed to be 77.97. Fibroblast migration was significantly increased by sample treatment compared to the control. The extracts showed good antioxidant activity and phytochemical compounds. The results showed that Ruellia tuberosa leaf extracts have wound healing potential and contain several important antioxidant phenolic compounds. This species deserves further investigation aiming to isolate and identify the active compounds.

Nanotechnology can be applied to deliver and protect antioxidants in order to control the oxidative stress phenomena in several chronic pathologies. Chitosan (CS) and its carboxymethyl derivatives are smart biopolymers that are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, and, hence, suitable for various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery gene therapy and tissue engineering. Vitis vinifera (VV) seeds are the major chemotherapeutic agent with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. However, the potential of these leaves as a chemotherapeutic agent is limited by their hydrophobicity and poor bioavailability. The chitosan tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) nanoparticles have been used in this study as an alternative to encapsulate bioactive flavonoids from ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera seeds. The Vitis vinifera seeds extract-loaded CS (CS-VVE) nanoparticles were characterized using FT-IR. The Zeta sizer and zeta potential confirmed that the particle has 216nm and 50.3mV. This study also found that the CS-VVE NPs shown anticancer activity in human colon cancer cell lines should be explored further for Cytotoxicity studies using MTT assay and tested drug-induced apoptotic process in the cell lines confirmed by the Dual staining. The CS-VVE nanoparticles showed specific toxicity towards cancer cells and non-toxicity to normal cells. It is suggested that the chitosan nanoparticles fabricated in our study may provide a suitable alternative to traditional adjuvant systems. Hence, it was observed from the present investigation that the anticancer activity of Vitis vinifera seed extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles provided a platform for treating cancer with biopolymer nanomaterials.

The modern breeds of chicken (Gallus gallusdomesticus) is supposed to be evolved in India from Red Jungle fowl (G. gallus), whose original habitat is South and Central India, the Himalayan Terrain, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, Sumatra, and Java. Domestication of chicken is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago. A part from G. gallus scientists has identified three closely related species that might have bred with the red jungle fowl. It is concluded from this research work; It is well documented that microbial contamination in E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus respectively and antibiotic residue contamination of chicken with pathogens is a major public health concern worldwide. Based on the Gas chromatography study, traditional chicken has very significant fatty acid profile compared to broiler chicken.

Plant-based or plant-derived drugs occupy 30% of the modern system of medicine. Several plants posses a variety of biologically active compounds. Among them Camellia sinensis, belonging to the family Theaceae. Green tea is one of the most ancient and popular therapeutic beverages consumed around the world. It can be prepared as a drink, which can have many systemic health effects or an “extract” can be made from the leaves to use as medicine. Green tea is reported to contain thousands of bioactive ingredients which are almost contributed by polyphenols, which play a key role in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts were used for their antioxidant potential was analyzed using DPPH assay and total phenolic content. The results of the present study revealed that the green extract possesses a good antioxidant property and in the antibacterial activity potential of following this extraction used well diffusion method against the microorganisms respectively E. coli and Klebsilla sp.

Fish scales are useful to ichthyologists for the purposes of classification, identification, age determination and history study. The fatty acid profile of the hexane extracts of the fresh water fish scale of Catla catla were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fish scales were collected from a local fish market, Chidambaram. The fatty acid profile was detected in the scales, with the following fatty acids dominating: 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4. The use of fatty acid profiling in fish scales has the potential for stock identification in addition to the identification of fish farm escapees.
Key words: Fish scales, fatty acid, gas chromatography, Catla catla.

The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic activity of chitosan of Podophthalmus vigil on normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced into male albino wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of STZ. Chitosan was administered orally at three different doses to normal and STZ-diabetic rats for 30 days. The diabetic rats showed an increase in levels of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and a decrease in the levels of insulin and hemoglobin addition, diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in the activity of glucokinase and an elevation in the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase. Treatment with chitosan significantly decreased plasma glucose and HbA1c, and increased the insulin and Hb. Chitosan administration to diabetic rats reversed these enzyme activities in a significant manner. Thus, the results show that chitosan possesses an antihyperglycemic activity in the control of diabetes. The 300 mg dose of the extract produced a better effect than 100 and 200 mg doses.

In the present study we have examine the anthelmintic activity of eclipta alba leaf extract using adult earthworm, pheritima posthuma. The methanolic and aqueous extract for different concentration of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml were tested which involve determination of paralysis time and death time. Piperazine citrate was used as standard and it was found that the concentrated methanolic extract of the eclipta alba leaf which is used as food, showed a better anthelminthic activity in comparison with the standard.
Keywords: Anthelmintic activity, Eclipta alba, Piperazine citrate, Earthworm,

In recent years, heavy metals pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems. With rapid development of many industries, wastes containing heavy metals are directly or indirectly being discharged into the environment. Biosorption is a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from the wastewater aqueous solutions. In this study, freshwater fish scale, inexpensive biowaste offers potential for the removal of metal ions by biosorption.
Key words: Fish scale % Wastewater % Biosorption % Heavy metals % Biosorbent

Chitin is the second most important natural biopolymer from the shells of crustaceans in the world. Development of chitosan industries on commercial scale would also generate employment opportunities which are most essential for developing countries like India. Quite a few kinds of polysaccharides occur in nature in a broad range of structures and forms, and most of them are considered to work as structural materials or suppliers of water and energy, though their functions may not have been fully comprehended. We discuss chitosan, the most important derivative of chitin, outlining the best techniques to characterize and it is many applications.
Keywords: Crustaceans, Chitin, Crustaceans, Chitosan and Biopolymer.

Chitin the second most abundant after cellulose biopolymer found in nature after, is produced by many living organisms, and is present usually in a complex with other polysaccharides and proteins. Chitin was found as a major component in arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods), nematodes, algae and fungi. In this study Chitin was isolated from various species (crab, squilla, and shrimp) from the local sources and the functional properties of chitin were studied by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Peak Fit version was used for data acquisition and handling.
Keywords: Chitin, FTIR, biopolymer, Crustaceans, arthropod

This study was subjected to investigate antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) and antioxidant properties of Salmacis virgulata methanolic extract. The antioxidant property of the extract was assessed by 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Disc diffusion techniques were used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extract. DPPH free radical scavenging effect of the extract was compared with standard antioxidant ascorbic acid and its show significant result. Salmacis virgulata (77.51%) showed potent activity at the concentration of 100µg/ml than compared to standard ascorbic acid. This study supports, methanolic extract of Salmacis virgulata has potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
Key words: Salmacis virgulata Antibacterial Antifungal Antioxidant

This study was subjected to investigate antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) and antioxidant properties of Eclipta alba methanol extract. The antioxidant property of the extract was assessed by 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Disc diffusion techniques were used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibacterial and antifungal of the methanolic extract of eclipta alba at a concentration of 250 µg/ml as compared with standard drug tetracycline and streptomycin (100µg/ml). DPPH free radical scavenging effect of the extract was compared with standard antioxidant ascorbic acid and its show significant result. Eclipta alba (82.51%) showed potent activity at the concentration of 100µg/ml than compared to standard ascorbic acid. This study supports, methanolic extract of eclipta alba has potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
Key words: Eclipta alba Antibacterial Activity Antifungal Activity Antioxidant Activity

There are a number of vital processes that rely on selenium (Se), a microelement that is necessary for life, to be stable. These processes include signal transduction pathways and immune-endocrine function. Particularly plentiful in the thyroid gland, Se is essential for thyroid function. A lot of people around the world suffer from Se deficiency, which is unfortunate. Se has a very narrow safety level; hazardous levels are very close to the amounts typically needed to meet an accurate need, but supplementation is an option. Therefore, it is equally important to achieve the ideal selenium content while simultaneously avoiding potentially harmful quantities. The function of selenium and selenoproteins in the pathophysiology of the thyroid (e.g., Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and the effects of selenium deficiency or excess were discussed in this review, along with the environmental and dietary factors that contribute to Se circulating levels (e.g., geographical factors like soil concentration and climate, and different quantities in food like nuts, cereals, eggs, meat, and fish).
Keywords: selenium; thyroid; deiodinases; Se-proteins.

The cluster fig tree, also known as Gular or Ficus racemosa Linn. (Family: Moraceae), is a well-known me-dicinal plant in India that has been used for a long time in traditional systems of medicine to treat a variety of ail-ments, including diabetes, liver disorders, diarrhoea, in-flammatory conditions, hemorrhoids, respiratory and uri-nary diseases. The ancient texts of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy all mention this herb. As an as-tringent, carminative, vermifuge, and anti-dysentery, vari-ous plant parts including bark, roots, leaves, fruits, and la-tex are employed. It is an effective treatment for overeat-ing. Fruit extract is used for menorrhagia, diabetes, leuco-derma, cooling, anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective, antioxi-dant, and other conditions. It is applied locally to treat sprains, fibrositis, lymphadenitis, and skin wound irrita-tion. As a result, the current review attempts to offer an in-depth investigation of pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties.

Concern over the pollution of our food supplies with hazardous pesticide residues has increased as a result of the debate in India over pesticide residues in food. Unfortunately, the discussion was limited to the rules and regulations for food and water purity at the point of consumption. It is common to overlook the more serious issue of the poisoning of all natural re-sources with chemical pesticide residues as a result of subpar and dangerous agricultural technology used at the farm level. No amount of standard-setting at the consumer level will be able to remedy the issue if the fundamental issue is not resolved, particularly in de-veloping nations where regulation enforcement is in-famously lax or nonexistent. Despite some pesticides being outlawed, due to their unlawful use and persis-tence, their residues continue to be present in food and the environment. In order to prevent the illicit use of pesticides, it is crucial to spread awareness of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) among farmers

This review article examines how the quality of food goods varies when they are being frozen. The purpose of this study is to identify the important physical and chemi-cal alterations that had taken place to the frozen foods. In fact, the quickest way to preserve food is by refrigeration storage. Based on the observation, it was shown that the kinetics reactions support the development of high-quality, computer-assisted prediction models. The detri-mental effects of temperature on some food products demonstrated the necessity of a thorough assessment of the quality parameters of individual kinetics reaction. For the majority of frozen goods, a reasonable storage tem-perature that maintains the quality of commercial storage is -18 °C.

Due to the bioactive substances they contain, which promise a wide range of therapeutic effects, medicinal mushrooms have grown to be a fascinating topic. The species can be found in Europe, Asia, and North America, all of the northern hemisphere. Herici-um erinaceus has a strong reputation as a significant medicinal mushroom, and many of its bioactive com-ponents have been turned into dietary supplements and complementary treatments. The active ingredients that produce the effects that are observed, however, frequently lack a clear relationship. There are various groups of bioactive compounds that can be produced by both the mushroom and fermented mycelia, includ-ing polysaccharides, proteins, lectins, phenols, and terpenoids. Most intriguingly, it has been discovered that two types of terpenoid chemicals, hericenones and erinacines, from cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies, respectively, induce the synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF). In order to analyse and empha-sise the scientific data pertaining to the therapeutic properties of H. erinaceus, we looked through the sci-entific literature.

The evolution of human culture has depended
greatly on the use of medicinal herbs. Medicinal plants
have historically been a major source of medicine for
almost all cultures and civilizations. Many of the
current medicines are made from medicinal plants,
which are regarded as rich sources of traditional
remedies. Any plant that contains compounds that can
be utilised therapeutically or that serve as precursors
for the semi-synthesis of chemo-pharmaceuticals is
considered a medicinal plant. A plant's usage as a
medicine, therapeutic agent, or active component of a
medicinal preparation is inferred when it is given the
designation "medicinal." Due to their extensive
biological and therapeutic activity, higher safety
margins, and lower costs, herbal medicines are much
sought after for primary healthcare in both developed
and developing nations

Phytochemical analysis, biochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant activity, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro antiarthritic activity and antibacterial activity of root extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra were studied. The aqueous and ethanolic root extracts were tested for the presence of phytochemicals. The anti-inflammatory activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra at 250, 500,750,1000 mcg/ml were studied using human red blood cell membrane (HRBC) stabilization method. The anti-arthritic activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra at the same concentration was analysed using bovine serum albumin denaturation (BSA) method. Diclofenac, at concentration of 1000 mcg/ml, was assessed as standard anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic drug. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using Agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. The extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra had shown significant amount of ascorbic acid and catalase. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra results showed significant protection of HRBC and significant inhibition in BSA denaturation and which are comparable to standard drugs diclofenac. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra exhibited significant antibacterial activity. All the analysis was made with the use of standard procedure. These results indicate the Antiinflammatory, Antiarthritic and antibacterial potential of the Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts and can be used as a promising herb in treating the clinical ailment.
Keywords: Phytochemical, Antioxidant activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antiarthritic activity, Anti-bacterial activity, Glycyrrhiza glabra.

In the present study, Chitin has been extracted from Podophthalmus vigil. The obtained chitin was transformed into the more useful chitosan we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of chitosan against 10 species of bacteria and fungi by agar-disc diffusion method. As the concentration of chitosan increased, the antimicrobial effect was strengthened. In the conjugated diene method, the total antioxidant activity of chitosan was ranging from 18.37% to 79.58% at varying concentrations (0.1 to 10mg/ml). The reducing capability ranged from of 0.12% to 0.48% at varying
concentration (0.1 to 10mg/ml). The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential of chitosan ranged from 18.08% to 55.56% at varying concentrations (0.1 to 10mg/ml). The chelating ability of chitosan from Podophthalmus vigil on ferrous ions was ranging from 25.82% to 73.54% for the concentration between 0.1-10mg/ml. Hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity of chitosan (0.125- 2 mg/ml) was found to be higher than the ascorbic acid and the range was from 23.18% to 93.28%. Superoxide anion radical was ranging from 5.21% to 65.81% for the concentration between 0.125-2 mg/ml. overall, chitosan from Podophthalmus vigil was good in antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, and may be used as a source of antioxidants, as a possible food supplement or ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry.

Luffa acutangula is a common plant grown in villages of Tamilnadu. It is generally
known as Perkangai in Tamil and Ridge gourd in English. In the present study, Luffa
acutangula peel was extracted with water and subjected to qualitative phytochemical
screening. The preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Luffa
acutangula peel showed the presence of Flavanoids, Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Proteins,
Phenols, Quinones, Terpenoids, Coumarins, Saponins, Tannins, and Leucoanthocyanidins’
study was performed on the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Luffa acutangula
(L.) Roxb (ridge gourd) fruit (LAM) and its derived fractions, such as n-hexane (LAH),
chloroform (LAC), ethyl acetate (LAE), n-butanol (LAB) and residual aqueous fraction (LAA)
and their correlation to the total phenolics and flavonoids contents.
Keywords: Luffa acutangula, Peel, Aqueous extract, DPPH assay and Antioxidant activity

Herbal medicines are useful in healing and curing a variety of diseases from the ancient period. The phytochemicals present in medicinal plants possess a defense mechanism against various diseases. Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that occur naturally in plant sources. Especially Ginger and Turmeric are especially obtained from local farms located along Laje Road, Ondo-city, Onda- State. The Powdered samples of ginger and Turmeric were separately extracted with water (or) ethanol (or) methanol. The percentage of each sample having a phytochemical analysis. The result showed that the extractive value of ginger and turmeric using water, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone, and chloroform were various values respectively. There is a significant difference at P ‹ 0.05 in all the solvents’ extractive values for ginger and turmeric. Ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate were able to extract more phytochemicals in turmeric than water and acetone. While ethanol, water, and acetone were more effective in extracting phytochemicals from ginger than chloroform and ethyl acetate. The extractable bioactive ingredients from plant material are primarily dependent on the type of solvent used for extraction.
KEY WORDS: Tinospora cordifolia, phytochemical analysis, Ginger and Turmeric

The aim of the present study to investigate the presence of phytochemical
constituents like saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins and
glycosides from Prosopis juliflora barks, these are dried powder sample in aqueous methanolic
solvent. Most antioxidants derived from plant sources belong to various classes of compounds
with a wide variety of chemical and physical properties. The antioxidant activity of plant sources
is the ability to trap free radicals, these free radicals may oxidise nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or
DNA and can lead to development of degenerative disease. Antioxidants such as phenolic acids,
polyphenols and flavonoids scavenge free radicals such as peroxide, hydroperoxide or lipid
peroxyl and in the process inhibit the oxidative mechanisms that lead to degenerative diseases.
It was found that the bark extracts exhibited good inhibition percentage compared to the control
at various concentrations. This may be due to the presence of phytochemicals which may act

against the free radical intermediates and inhibit other oxidative reactions. The in vitro alpha-
amylase activities of the P. juliflora bark extract exhibited good inhibition percentage at various

concentrations showing its anti-diabetic potential.

KEYWORDS: Phytochemical analysis, Prosopis juliflora barks, antioxidant activity, free radicals, Alpha-
amylase Activity.

Herbal plants are integral parts of traditional medicine worldwide, and most of the rural and urban
population uses these plants in many of their regular needs even today. The current researchers are more
focused on natural chemicals than synthetic chemicals due to their environmental, economic, and health
benefits. The following objectives are to assess the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of
aqueous extract of Leucas aspera leaves. The results showed that the qualitative analysis aqueous extract
of Leucas aspera leaves the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates,
glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and protein and also the Quantitative photochemical analysis of aqueous
extract of Leucas aspera leaves are confirmed that the alkaloids (12%) and Flavonoids (15%) were
respectively. So, it can be concluded that the Leucas aspera leaves have been used to treatment of so
many diseases and their medicinal roles of these plants have such a secondary product and identified the
bioactive compounds. Hence, the above plant extract could be explored for its highest therapeutic
efficacy by pharmaceutical companies in order to develop safe drugs for various ailments.

The palatability of food is enhanced by attractive colours. Colour, possibly more than any other factor, influences the
acceptances of product by consumers. Colour is often seen as synonymous with quality and is used as a strong indicator of
product safety and value. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit it has been widely consumed in various
cultures for thousands of years. The pomegranate belongs to the family 3 Punicacea. This study was aimed to Extraction of
food colourant from Punica granatum (Pomegranate) peel extract. To isolate colour pigment from Pomegranate peel extract.then
Pigment extraction. To evaluate Stability test (pH and Temperature). To evaluate the Sensory analysis. To evaluate Product
development (Jelly). This concludes that the acetone was very active in extracting polyphenolic compounds but it was not
effective as methanol in extracting antibacterial and antifungal compounds from pomegranate peel.
Key words: Punica granatum L., colour pigment, anti bacterial, anti fungal

Sulfanilic acid (SFA) crystal is well known as an effective material for photonic, electro-optical, harmonic generating and biomedical applications. A well-known nonlinear optical material, a high-quality SFA single crystal made utilizing the slow evaporation solution method (SEST) is the subject of this article. A 75 days development period yielded a transparent SFA single crystal measuring 5 × 5 × 2 mm3 . The grown crystal used for different characterizations like Single crystal XRD used
to find out the cell parameters. Fourier transforms infrared utilized to identify the band assignments. UV-Visible analysis used to detect the absorbance of the crystal and it is utilized for optical application. Photoluminescence studies utilized to recognize the excitation and emission of the grown crystal. Fluorescence used for determining the crystallinity and purity of the sample. The quantitative analysis is verified by using Elemental Dispersive Analysis by X-Rays. Scanning Electron Microscopy utilized to identify the structural and morphological characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to provide the generated crystal that was used to analyze cytotoxicity and larvacidal activity. Assessment of larvicidal activity was used to ascertain the anti-malarial efficacy. We tested the items on MCF7-Human Breast cancer cell line and MCF7 Vero cells using the MTT Assay to identify the molecular basis of their cytotoxicity in vitro. Biological and optical are two areas that could benefit from the created crystal.
Keywords Crystal growth ●
Optical ●
Larvicidal ●
Cytotoxicit

Lepidagathis cristata (L. cristata) plant produces reducing and capping agents; this
study utilized microwave-assisted biogenic synthesis to manufacture silver nanoparti￾cles (AgNPs) using this plant. The structure, morphology, and crystallinity phases of
prepared nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
(UV-viz), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectros￾copy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biologically synthesized AgNPs were
treated against pathogenic bacteria species including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus
subtilis (B. subtilis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and its highest zone of inhibi￾tion 10 ± 1.45 mm, 10 ± 0.74 mm, and 6 ± 0.43 mm, respectively, at the concentra￾tion of 100 μg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of AgNPs against MCF-7 breast cancer cells revealed significant growth inhibition by inhibiting cell viability, inhibitory con￾centration of 50% (IC50) of NPs observed at 55.76 μg/mL concentration. Finally, our findings concluded that the L. cristata-mediated biosynthesized AgNPs proved its potential antibacterial and neoplastic properties against MCF cells by endorsing the
inhibition of cell proliferation especially with low concentration.

The main objective of the study is to analyze the medicinal properties, by giving scientific validation to the existing bioactive compounds present in the coconut sprouts and recommending the coconut sprouts as a natural product for the treatment of bacterial infection leading to inflammations. Phytochemical screening by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the primary and secondary constituents were carried out in aqueous and methanol extracts of the coconut sprouts (fresh and dried) using standard procedures. The phytochemicals were characterized using FT-IR, TLC and GC-MS analysis.. Antioxidant activity using Reducing power, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging and DPPH radical scavenging methods and Anti-inflammatory activity through protein denaturation method were carried out. Further confirmation of the functional role of the phytoconstituent through in-silico docking was studied.The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of essential phytoconstituents. The quantitative analysis revealed the presence of maximum Carbohydrates (0.60±0.1 mg/g), Proteins (39±0.8 mg/ml), Flavonoids (0.28±0.1 mg QE/g) and Terpenoids (95±1.2 mg/g) in methanolic fresh coconut sprout extract with respective standards. Through in-silico analysis, docking studies were performed to confirm the functional role of the specific therapeutic phytochemical. The fresh coconut sprouts are natural, economically potent food source for human health and can be a nutrient supplement with cost effective approach. The dried sprouts can also be recommended to the food industry for the large-scale production of nutrient-based foods with a quality check.

Global cancer therapy (GLOBOCAN) estimates that 18 million new instances of cancer are diagnosed each year in the world. The three main types of cancer treatment are chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Patients are now being treated with the maximum tolerable dose. One of the primary problems with both radiation and chemotherapy is normal tissue toxicity, so it will be crucial to include the advancement of contemporary nanoparticle-based treatments. While local radiotherapy dose can be increased by directing the GNPs to the tumor, the Gold Nanoparticle (GNP) based systems are very helpful in further improving chemotherapy through controlled releases of chemotherapeutics. In the past two decades, more than 20 therapeutic products based on nanotechnology have been approved for use in clinical trials. The major goal of this review article is to determine how we might expedite the practical application of GNP-based therapeutic systems to decrease typical tissue toxicity while raising the treatment's value. Future cancer treatments will change thanks to nanomedicines in a better way with fewer side effects.

hard copy

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial illness and has close
connections with other metabolic issues. This makes its treatment troublesome utilizing a solitary
pharmacological medication. Utilization of plant extracts/decoction or polyherbal formulation to
treat different liver sicknesses is all around referenced in different conventional frameworks of
medication (Ayurveda, Japanese or customary Chinese Medicine, and Kampo medication). Herbal
extracts with antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties have been appeared to
improve manifestations of NAFLD. The current investigation exhibits an eco-accommodating and
ease strategy for biosynthesis of NPs utilizing Liv-Pro-08 (dried seeds of Nigella sativa, Entada
purseatha and dried fruits of Ficus glomerata) which were analysed for various attributes, for example,
phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant action to comprehend its likely advantages. Phytochemical
investigation uncovers that the seeds are a decent wellspring of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins,
alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. The antioxidant capability of the green synthesized LivPro-08 ayurvedic formulation was investigated by DPPH, FRAP measure, ABTS test, H2O2 and
NO scavenging assay. The biosynthesized NPs indicated fundamentally higher antioxidant activity.
The current examination investigated that the Liv-Pro-08 which are proficient makers of Nps, and
could go about as protected and cost effective with potential free radical scavenging capacity which
empower studying for additional expected natural applications.

Nanoparticle research is a captivating branch of science can be traced back to ancient times. Researchers have
always been paying attention in synthesizing nanoparticles using modern day technologies but their existence in
nature is very evident. The green method of biological Nps synthesis is challenging approach which renders
preparation in aqueous conditions with low-costs and low energy requirements. The goal of this study deals with
eco-friendly and bio safe copper nanoparticles developed from aqueous extract (Liv-Pro-08), characterization by
using different Spectroscopies and Microscopic methods to evaluate their antibacterial activity and antifungal
activities by Cup diffusion method and Pour plate method. The spectroscopy results perfectly denotes that Liv—pro08 having the functional groups responsible for green synthesis. SEM images observed spherical shape compounds.
Assessment of an anti-bacterial effect against treated microorganisms (P. aeroginosa, E.coli, K. pneumonia) and
their antifungal capacity showed synthesized Nps shows great capability to oppose Aspergillus. Niger and F.
oxysporum compared to standard antibiotic tetracycline and quardiline respectively. The final findings shows the
developed cuNPs express valuable anti-bacterial properties.

This work investigate the Phytochemical
constituents of Pisoniaalba (PA) leaves using standard protocols
and to determine its DNA damage inhibition and Antiurolithiatic
capability. Dried leaves of Pisoniaalba were used to screen and
quantify the phyto constituents in different organic solvents
extracts that are analysed by GCMS, FTIR and HPTLC. In the
presence of PUC18 plasmid DNA, the DNA damage inhibition
assay was performed by photolysing H2O2 with UV radiation and
agarose gel electrophoresis with irradiated DNA. The invivo
antiurolithic assay was performed by nucleation method.
Pisoniaalbain's phytochemical analysis reveals the existence of
secondary metabolite components including glycosides, resins,
phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and alkaloids,
etc.. ELPA express the maximum quantity of phenols, flavonoids,
alkaloids and terpenoids which were 30.44 ±0.65 mg TAE/g
extract, 28.51 ± 1.19 mg RE/g extract, 28.08 ± 0.08 mg of AE/g of
extract, 29.94 ± 0.32 mg RE/g extract respectively. The GC-MS
assessment findings confirmed the presence of nine ELPA phyto
compounds accompanied by eleven ALPA phytoc ompounds. It
was also observed that Pisoniaalba leaves prevents DNA damage
in UV and H2O2
treated plasmid DNA. The invitro
Antiurolithiatic research indicates that ELPA was more efficient
in blocking calcium oxalate nucleation. From the obtained
results it was proven that the Pisonia alba leaves has potential
secondary metabolites with therapeutic role mainly against
urolithiasis. Both invitro and in vivo analysis demonstrates that
ELPA significantly reduces crystal formation that are causative
of renal stones. These evidences suggest that Pisoniaalbacan be
further investigated for the prevention and treatment of
urolithiais

Vetiveria zizanioides has been assigned for the
extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids for soluble,
glycoside and wall-bound fractions. There was the largest
number of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the methanolic
extract that constitutes the cell wall-bound portion. Free
radicals can induce biomolecules to oxidize, resulting in
cell damage and countless illnesses. The present study
investigates the role of enzymatic antioxidants, i.e.
catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione
peroxidase,glutathione reductase.Vitamin Eand C enzyme
activity was nonenzymaticantioxidant action by
spectrophotometric method. The enzymatic glutothi-one
peroxidase antioxidant was found to be exampling than the
rest while Vitamin E, notified found to be best activity
ratherthan Vitamin C.The reversed highperformance
liquid chromatographic techniquewas created and
validated for the concurrent identification of free phenolic
acids and flavonoids using a photodiode array detector with
gradient elution.(Caffeicacid, Hydroxy benzoic acid,
Rutin, Quercetin, Para- cumaric acid and Kaempferol) in
the methanolic root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides.

Pisoniaalbais a medicinal plant used widely has a broad
variety of pharmacological uses. The current research explored
the acute toxicity of an ethanol sample of Pisoniaalba (Family:
Nyctaginaceae) Ethanol Leaves Extract Pisoniaalba(ELPA) and
Pisoniaalba(ALPA) Aqueous Leaves Extract at a dose of 1000mg /
kg and comparison of urinary amount and electrolyte amount as
parameters of evaluation. On the other side, urolithiasis caused by
ethylene glycol (0.75% v / v in drinking water for 28 days) was
used for the same ELPA and ALPA with an initial dose of 250 mg
/ kg in male rats for antiurolithiatic impact. As a conventional
comparison drug, cystone (250 mg / kg, p.o.) was used amount of
different urolithiatic parameters in the biological samples i.e
(urine, serum and kidney homogenate) and renal function were
used as criteria for evaluating the antiurolithiatic impact of ELPA
and ALPA after 28days of therapy span results indicated that, in a
model similar to that of furosemide, the ELPA and ALPA (250mg
/ kg) elevate blood quantity and urinary excretion of electrolytes.
ELPA and ALPA reduced the excretion and deposition of multiple
urolithiatic parameters in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiatic
model relative to urolithiatic command in a pattern similar to
cystone control. Supplementation with ELPA and ALPA also
avoids renal function deficiency. According to our studies, ELPA
supports stronger anti-urolithic exercise.

For ecological synthesis of Ag-Nps, aqueous form
of Chrysopogon zizanioid (S1), Ocimum sanctum (S2) and
combined specimens (S3) is used as a reduction agent.The
nanoparticles were synthesized and explained utilizing X-ray
diffraction (XRD), FTIR and UV-vis, analysis. XRD model and
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) described the crystallinity
of the Ag-Nps. Bi-molecules accountable for capping are a
variety of Ag-Nps has been introduced by the FTIR spectral
analysis. UV-vis spectrum explored the feature of Ag-Nps
synthetic. The Ag nanoparticles were using of a regular size of
7-15 nm and often spherical exact by XRD pattern. Synthesized
Ag-Nps anti-bacterial action was assessed using diffusion
technique with aqueous Chrysopogon zizanioid (S1), Ocimum
sanctum (S2), and combined specimens (S3).The S3 sample
Ag-Nps prominently reserved bacterial proliferation against
multi-drug susceptible to the total pathogens used in this
research.Thus, Ag-Nps shows a wide variety of reduced
concentration antibacterial activity, which may be an excellent
natural therapy choice in the future.

Medicinal plants are the most exclusive source of life saving drugs for majority of the world’s
population. The medicinal plants play a pivotal role in the pharmaceutical industry. Herbal medicines are
recently in request and the state is increasing day by day. Vetiveria zizanioides fits to the grass family,
Vetiveria zizanioides has wide ecological amplitude and this trait of the species must be exploited forecodevelopment of the regions devoid of biodiversity. The grass with its tuft-forming habit and thick root
system greatly helps in checking soil erosion. This grass stem are tall, the leaves are long and slim. The
flowers is brownish purple hued, the Vetiveria zizanioides root can growing down up to 2 to 4 meters in
depth. In this study, we investigated the biochemical and minerals profiles of various extracts of
Vetiveria zizanioides roots, such as aqueous, methanol and chloroform. The biochemical composition
such as total carbohydrates, total proteins, total cholesterol, and Minerals such as Iron, calcium and
phosphorus, were estimated using the standard procedure in plant material. Results of this present study,
Addition the use of the studied plant which belonging numerous bioactive compounds and used as food
and medicine. And the estimated mineral composition of the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides were found in
good amounts which can suggest that the established role of essential dietary elements in the physiology
of human life and the effect of Vetiveria zizanioides on health and hazards.

Nowadays nanotechnology research is emerging as cutting edge technology
interdisciplinary with physics, chemistry, biology, material science and medicine. Plant-mediated
synthesis of nanoparticles has earned wide interest owing to its inherent features such as rapidity,
simplicity, eco-friendliness and cheaper costs. Synthesis of NPs through biological route is preferred
due to its environment-friendly and economic aspects. The present study demonstrates an eco-friendly
and low-cost method of biosynthesis of NPs using the dried seeds of Nigella sativa, Entada pursaetha
and dried fruit of Ficus glomerata (Liv- Pro-08) confirmed by the color transformation and
Ultraviolet-visible(UV-visible) spectroscopy. These biologically synthesized NPs were tested for which
were analyzed for different characteristics such as phytochemical and free radical scavenging activity
to understand its potential benefits. The antioxidant potential of the green synthesized Liv-Pro-08 was
analyzed by DPPH, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity.
Phytochemical analysis reveals that the seeds are a rich source of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins,
alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. The present study explored that the Liv-Pro-08 which are
efficient producers of NPs, and could act as safe and cost-effective with potential antioxidant activities.
These findings encourage studying suggest that synthesized AgNPs can be developed into a promising
drug candidate for biomedical applications.

Vetiver is used for removing heavy toxic metals in groundwater. It is also largely used for medicinal and perfume industry. The main element that we come to know about the Vetiver system is Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) is a sterile, non-invasive tropical bunchgrass. We can also use Vetiver (Khus) as a flavoring agent, mainly as Khus syrup, which is produced by adding khus essence to water, sugar and citric acid syrup. Usually, Khus essence is looked as wide dark green in color and it is taken from the roots. It gives a scent and a woody taste distinguishing trait of khus. Another use of Vetiver syrup is to compose Yogurt drinks similar to lassi and Milkshakes, Ice creams, and at last mixed beverages like dessert topping and as a Shirley Temples. It is completely used in a vital level of applications containing with food and pharmaceutical industries. The central purpose of the present research is to discover the phytochemical, antioxidant properties situated in the crude descent of (Vetiveria zizanioides). The methanolic extract as an antioxidant activity reveals a preferable radical scavenging activity than some other selected solvents. FT-IR and GC-MS results point out the presence of Aliphatic, Alkanes includes Aromatic elements chief constituents seemed to be Vetiveria zizanioides. The Conclusion of this study virtually shows that (Vetiveria zizanioides) crude extract could be reflected as health nutrients in pharmaceutical and food industries.

The intention of this research was to establish the composition of chemical present in stem and leaf
parts of extract from methanol. GC-MS analysis used to screen identify ten secondary compounds in the methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula. The technique of GC-MS and FT-IR of O. sanctum exposed the survival of aliphatic primary amines, Isothiocyanate alcohols, ethers, aromatic rings, alkanes etc

The sufficient sources of strong natural fiber from the plant kingdom are called as “Vetiveria
zizanioides”. It had plentiful properties like antioxidant & inherently containing with good aroma. The
soxhlet hot extraction method was used for various extracting vetiver using aqueous, methanol, ethanol,
hexane, chloroform and acetone. Under the standard qualitative phytochemical screening method, this
particular extract was tested. The results were discovered, the presence of phytochemical structures
followed by carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols and at last tannins. The
quantitative analysis illustrated that the alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, saponin and phenol. Free radical
scavenging activity were analyzed by DPPH method and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
assay and ABTS assay.

Book

978-93-
5747-
011-7

978-93-
5747-
012-4

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.

Organic farming, also known as ecological farming or biological farming, is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting.

Men's prostate cancer death and incidence rates are rising, making it a critical public
health concern. The goal of the current study was to examine the cytotoxic effects of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the in vitro PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. By applying
different concentrations of AgNPs (5-80 g/mL), the antiproliferative impact of AgNPs on PC-
3 cells was evaluated. Using a wound-healing assay, we have also looked into how AgNPs
affect cancer cells' ability to migrate. Then, ANOVA and the Student's t-test were used to
examine the obtained results. AgNPs drastically reduced PC-3 cell viability in a dose- and timedependent
manner. The IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) at 48 h was calculated to be 65.7
g/mL based on the dose-dependent viability curve.

The aim of the present study to investigate the presence of phytochemical
constituents like saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins and
glycosides from Prosopis juliflora barks, these are dried powder sample in aqueous
methanolic solvent. Most antioxidants derived from plant sources belong to various classes
of compounds with a wide variety of chemical and physical properties. The antioxidant
activity of plant sources is the ability to trap free radicals, these free radicals may oxidise
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or DNA and can lead to development of degenerative disease.
Antioxidants such as phenolic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids scavenge free radicals such
as peroxide, hydroperoxide or lipid peroxyl and in the process inhibit the oxidative
mechanisms that lead to degenerative diseases. It was found that the bark extracts exhibited
good inhibition percentage compared to the control at various concentrations. This may be
due to the presence of phytochemicals which may act against the free radical intermediates
and inhibit other oxidative reactions. The in vitro alpha-amylase activities of the P. juliflora

bark extract exhibited good inhibition percentage at various concentrations showing its anti-
diabetic potential.

KEYWORDS: Phytochemical, Prosopis juliflora barks, antioxidant activity, free radicals, Alpha-
amylase Activity.

The present investigation is part of continuing programme related to the phytochemical screening of Andrographis Paniculata Nees
(Kalmegh) and effect of antibiotics mixing with the Andrographis Paniculata Nees (herbal extracts) their enhanced potential on
microbes. In the world the local plants used in Ancient Indian Medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha and Yunani, in several countries including
India several plant species are administered orally to control the various diseases. Some of these plants have been pharmacologically
provided to be of some value and may be a popular remedy for the treatment of disease.
From the very beginning of human existence, man has familiarized himself with medicinal plants and used them in a variety of ways
throughout the ages. In search of food and to cope successfully with human suffering, primitive man began to distinguish those plants
suitable for nutritional purpose from others with definitive pharmacological action. This relationship has grown between plants and
man, and many plants came to be used as drugs. The growth of knowledge to cure disease continues at an accelerating pace, and
number of new plant-derived drugs increase likewise. Herbal medicine is currently experiencing a revival in Western society along
with other complementary therapies such as traditional Chinese Medicines, Osteopathy and Homeopathy. In this context, the present
study is the first milestone with particular emphasis on the application of Andrographis Paniculata Nees (kalmegh) the medicinal plant
and their effect in mixing with antibiotics for their better formulation and controlling the various diseases in near future.
Keywords: Andrographis Paniculata Nees, E.coli, B.subtilis, S.aureus, S.epidermis, Methanol, Roxythromycin, Levofloxacin,
Cefixime

Interactive International Publications

Text Book of Biomolecules

Text Book of Organic Farming

The aim of the present study to investigate the presence of phytochemical
constituents like saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins and
glycosides from Prosopis juliflora barks, these are dried powder sample in aqueous methanolic
solvent. Most antioxidants derived from plant sources belong to various classes of compounds
with a wide variety of chemical and physical properties. The antioxidant activity of plant sources
is the ability to trap free radicals, these free radicals may oxidise nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or
DNA and can lead to development of degenerative disease. Antioxidants such as phenolic acids,
polyphenols and flavonoids scavenge free radicals such as peroxide, hydroperoxide or lipid
peroxyl and in the process inhibit the oxidative mechanisms that lead to degenerative diseases.
It was found that the bark extracts exhibited good inhibition percentage compared to the control
at various concentrations. This may be due to the presence of phytochemicals which may act
against the free radical intermediates and inhibit other oxidative reactions. The in vitro alphaamylase activities of the P. juliflora bark extract exhibited good inhibition percentage at various
concentrations showing its anti-diabetic potential.

ABSTRACT
Herbal plants are integral parts of traditional medicine worldwide, and most of the rural and urban
population uses these plants in many of their regular needs even today. The current researchers are more
focused on natural chemicals than synthetic chemicals due to their environmental, economic, and health
benefits. The following objectives are to assess the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of
aqueous extract of Leucas aspera leaves. The results showed that the qualitative analysis aqueous extract
of Leucas aspera leaves the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates,
glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and protein and also the Quantitative photochemical analysis of aqueous
extract of Leucas aspera leaves are confirmed that the alkaloids (12%) and Flavonoids (15%) were
respectively. So, it can be concluded that the Leucas aspera leaves have been used to treatment of so
many diseases and their medicinal roles of these plants have such a secondary product and identified the
bioactive compounds. Hence, the above plant extract could be explored for its highest therapeutic
efficacy by pharmaceutical companies in order to develop safe drugs for various ailments.