Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. It is an ancient medicinal plant
containing many medicinal properties for many diseases. It is an evergreen perennial, it
originates from the Arabian Peninsula but grows wild in tropical climates round the arena and
is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. The species is also used for ornamental
purposes and grows effectively indoors as a potted plant. There is a lack of production of
Aloe leaf to meet the industry demand and so it is necessary to undertake large scale
cultivation of Aloe. Large scale propagation can be standardized through Tissue culture
where the yield is more and highly free from diseases, pests. In this study Aloe barbadensis
were screened for important biochemical properties. As flavanoids are recognized to have
potent biological activities their screening was performed along with various other test like
chlorophyll test and carbohydrate test.

Medicines generally found in market are prepared from the gel and from the juice. In this study,
Aloe explants were selected and propagated through in vitro propagation. The efficiency of
various solvents such as ethanol, water and acetone extract were analysed in this study. In vitro
and ex vivo samples of succulent plants were compared for disease resistance and anti-oxidant
activity. It was found that the in vitro explants possess elevated disease resistance and higher
concentrations of anti-oxidants. Thus it can be used as an alternative to those cosmetics and
medicines made out of aloe barbadensis.

ABSTRACT: Auricularia auricula-judae is a precious colloid fungus,
widely used as a food supplement and medicine in Southeast Asian
countries. The hot water extract of Auricularia auricula-judae was
investigated for antioxidant efficacy and also determined the amount of
phytochemical components such as total phenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant
activity was analysed by different in vitro assays namely, DPPH (1,1-
diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical and OH (hydroxyl) radical scavenging
assay, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, metal chelation and
β-carotene bleaching assays. Total antioxidant capacity was determined
using phosphomolybdenum assay. A. auricula-judae exhibited strong
antioxidant activity in all the assays. A significant difference (p<0.05) was
observed between the concentrations tested and between the EC50 value of A.
auricula-judae and standard antioxidants. Considerable amount of secondary
metabolites like phenols and flavonoids were found in A. auricula-judae.
The extract was shown to be very good scavengers of DPPH, OH radicals,
reducer of ferric ions, and an excellent metal chelator. The antioxidant
activity of A. auricula-judae was found to be dose-dependent. Therefore, it
can be suggested that A. auricula-judae edible mushroom could serve as an
effective functional food and more potent therapeutic agent.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties in the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus pers, an
edible and medicinal mushroom. The hot water extract was prepared from Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies and
analyzed for ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid) radical scavenging, reducing power,
hydroxyl radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assays. In addition, total phenol and
flavonoid levels were determined. The extract exhibited good scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner
in all the tested assays. The EC50 values of hot water extract on ABTS radical, reducing power, hydroxyl radical, lipid
peroxidation and β-carotene bleaching assay were found to be 1.34, 1.70, 3.58, 5.12 and 2.62 mg/ml, respectively. Thus,
the experimental results indicated that Hericium erinaceus mushrooms could potentially be utilized in food additives and
also for the protective drug formulation.
Key-words: Antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Hericium erinaceus pers (Haudan-1), Total phenols.

ABSTRACT
The main aim of this research was to analyse the free radical scavenging potency and antioxidant capacity of
ethanolic fractions from Auricularia polytricha (APEF) fruiting bodies. The free radical scavenging property was
evaluated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
sulphonicacid)) radical scavenging assay, reducing power, phenanthroline and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition
assays and the activity was compared with standard antioxidants. The EC50 values were observed to be 3.15 mg/ml,
3.90 mg/ml, 2.07 mg/ml, 3.12 mg/ml and 6.32 mg/ml respectively. The content of total phenol and flavonoid in
APEF were 17.60 mg/g as Ferulic Acid Equivalents (FAE) and 4.96 mg/g as Catechin Equivalents (CAE)
respectively. The present study reveals the potential of APEF to scavenge free radicals and the activity was found to
be higher in all used in vitro methods. Thus, Auricularia polytricha mushrooms could be used as a potent
therapeutic agent and a food supplement.
Keywords: Auricularia polytricha, Free radicals scavenging, Flavonoids, Lipid peroxidation, Phenols.

Objectives: Hericium is a genus of mushrooms in the Hericiaceae family. Hericium erinaceus has been used for the treatment of various diseases for over 2000 y in China. The study investigated the bioactive components and antioxidant properties of the hot water extract from the fruiting body of H. erinaceus.
Methods: The hot water extract of H. erinaceus was estimated for antioxidant potency using different analysis, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay, metal ion chelation, erythrocyte hemolysis inhibition assay and compared with the reference standards. Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and total antioxidant capacity were also determined using spectrophotometric methods.
Results: H. erinaceus showed concentration dependent activity in all the assays with following EC50 values. DPPH (EC50= 2.13 mg/ml), FRAP (EC50= 7.57 mg/ml), CUPRAC (EC50= 0.97 mg/ml), ferrous ion chelation (EC50= 2.31 mg/ml) and erythrocytes hemolysis inhibition (EC50
Conclusion: It was concluded that the hot water extract of the H. erinaceus exhibit potent free radical scavenging activity and can be used as natural antioxidants owing to their significant antioxidant activity. = 4.88 mg/ml). The total phenolic and flavonoid content in H. erinaceus was found to be 8.77 mg GAE/g and 5.62 mg RE/g respectively.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Scavenging activity, Free radicals, Reducing power, Hericium erinaceus pers, Total flavonoids, Total phenolics

As the number of working women increases in today's fast-paced society, the need for effective physical and mental health management strategies becomes imperative. This comprehensive review paper examines the challenges faced by working women in maintaining a healthy work-life balance and explores various strategies to promote their well-being. The paper delves into the impact of work-related stress, sedentary lifestyles, and psychological factors on the physical and mental health of women in the workforce. Furthermore, it discusses evidence-based approaches, such as mindfulness practices, exercise regimes, flexible work arrangements, and social support networks, that can aid in fostering optimal health outcomes for working women. Through this review, we aim to provide valuable insights and recommendations for individuals, employers, and policymakers to create a supportive environment that enhances the physical and mental health of working women. By empowering women to proactively manage their well-being, we envision a future where working women can thrive both personally and professionally, achieving a harmonious balance in their lives.
Keywords: working women, physical and mental health, work-life balance, work-related stress, flexible work arrangements, well-being, women empowerment, workplace environment.

Wastes from the leather industry include chrome shavings, which are rich in type I collagen and can be removed using an alkaline hydrolysis process. Since the generated collagen (Co) has qualities similar to those of the skin's extracellular matrix, it can be employed to speed up the healing of wounds. The linear polysaccharide chitosan (Ch) isolated from shrimp shells has been shown to hasten the development of fibroblasts and increase early phase reactions related to wound and burn healing. Wound dressings containing collagen and chitosan, a muco-adhesive fiber-producing natural polymer that offers an appealing alternative to traditional sustained medication release systems, are in the works. However, silver nanoparticles (AgNp) generated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are utilized in conjunction with collagen and chitosan to create a wound dressing material. Moisture content, porosity measurement, water absorption, and mechanical properties were among the tests performed on the wound dressing materials (Co-Ch-AgNp). FTIR was used to examine the functional groups. SEM analysis of the surface morphology.

Copper nanoparticles have been synthesised and characterised in great detail in this review
study (CuNPs). Nanoparticles, their role in today's society, the methods of synthesis, and the
characterization techniques used to study them are all widely discussed in the media. Physical,
chemical, and biological methods of synthesising Nanoparticles have each been described in
detail, and the results of each method have been published. The XRD, IR, TEM, DLS, UVVisible,
and HRTEM characterizations of the CuNPs are obviously distinct based on the synthesis processes. TG-DTA, WAXD, and EDAX were only a few of the diagnostic
investigations examined in order to evaluate the physiochemical properties. (FCC) copper
nanoclusters are confirmed by XRD and electron diffraction. Exhaustive coverage of their
applications in chemical, physical, and biological disciplines has been provided.

Here, the trustworthy work has been completed for the hydrothermal and coprecipitation
methods of synthesizing Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs). We highlight
the extremely effective hydrothermal approach for creating CeO2 NPs for use in biological
applications. Absorption Peaks at 283 nm and 274 nm in the spectra confirmed the production
of CeO2 NPs for the co-precipitation (CONPs) and hydrothermal (HYNPs) approaches,
respectively. The results of functional group analysis clearly demonstrated the presence of both
organic and inorganic species. Demonstrated that HYNPs and CONPs shared similar features.
Cubic form and typical We estimate the crystallite size of produced NPs using Sherrer's and
W-H techniques. Obtained HR-TEM is used to compare average particle size, which is around
10 nm and 5 nm for. Both HYNPs and CONPs are acceptable. Additionally, we investigated
their antibacterial capacities.

Consumption of mushrooms can be dated back to period of ancient Greeks and Romans. They plan an important role in human cuisine. Apart from the delicate taste, they provide numerous health benefits. Unlike the edible mushrooms Amanita phalloides also known as death cap belonging to Amanita family is found to be the leading cause of mushroom poisoning deaths. In this article protein analysis of Phalloidin bound F-actin complex, a protein found in Amanita phalloides is done. Bioinformatics tools are used to perform insilico analysis of Phalloidin bound F-actin complex, a protein found in Amanita phalloides. Protein analysis was done for the protein obtained from Protein Data Bank(PDB) and secondary structure was predicted. Prediction of membrane spanning regions and their orientation was predicted using TMPred software. Sequence similarity was identified using BLASTp and reconstruction of multimeric molecules is done using Wat Cut software. Probability of the protein sequence to adopt a coiled coil conformation was calculated using COILS. Presence of chloroplast transit peptides (cTP) in protein sequences was predicted using ChloroP. Further protein analysis was done using DictyOGlyc 1.1 which produced neural network predictions for GlcNAc O-glycosylation sites. Functional or structural homolog search for the protein Phalloidin bound F-actin complex was done using Propsearch. Statistical analysis of protein sequence was done using SAPS which evaluated protein sequence properties using statistics.

Nanogels in biomedical field are promising and innovative materials as dispersions of hydrogel nanopar- ticles based on crosslinked polymeric networks that have been called as next generation drug delivery systems due to their relatively high drug encapsulation capacity, uniformity, tunable size, ease of prepa- ration, minimal toxicity, stability in the presence of serum, and stimuli responsiveness. Nanogels show a great potential in chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting and delivery of bioactive substances. The main subjects reviewed in this article concentrates on: (i) Nanogel assimilation in the nanomedicine domain; (ii) Features and advantages of nanogels, the main characteristics, such as: swelling capacity, stimuli sensitivity, the great surface area, functionalization, bioconjugation and encapsulation of bioactive substances, which are taken into account in designing the structures according to the application; some data on the advantages and limitations of the preparation techniques; (iii) Recent progress in nanogels as a carrier of genetic material, protein and vaccine. Recent tremendous developments in their synthe- sis open access to systems with complex architectures and compositions allowing for tailoring microgels with specific properties. At the same time state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches offer deeper understanding of the behavior and structure of nano- and microgels under external influences and confinement at interfaces or at high volume fractions. Developments in the experimental analysis of nano- and microgels have become particularly important for structural investigations covering a broad range of length scales relevant to the internal structure, the overall size and shape, and interparticle in- teractions in concentrated samples. Here we summarize emerging research of nanogewls for biomedical applications and provide an overview of the state-of-the-art, recent developments as well as emerging trends in the field of nano- and microgels.

Bothrops asper is a one of the highest poisonous snake species family of viperidae. This snake venom toxins are proteins. It causes severe tissue necrosis in human. These Biomolecule contain some pathologic effects such as bleeding, inflammation, cardio toxic, cytotoxic, hemorrhage, myonecrosis, dernamonicrosis, blistering, and edema tissue damaging activities. Most of the snake venom toxins are still uncharacterized. Modern bioinformatics tools have been recently developed for these toxins some computational technique used to Biomolecule properties are analyzed. The crystal structure of snake venom metalloproteinase complex structure (2W14) retrieved from protein databank. Dynomics 1.0 is
an online tool used to the protein elastic network models was predicted. One is Gaussian network model and another one is anisotropic network model. Those protein network (2W14) models construct and analysis the protein functional sites, residues, effectors, sensors, mean square fluctuation and B factors domain separation, domain movement, biological assemblies, homologous structure, sequence conservation, evolution properties, drug ability, inter node distance fluctuation, correlation, deformation energy all properties are calculated. The metalloproteinase protein contains Metzincins this drug cure various diseases in human kind. The metalloproteinase inhibitor main challenges for clinical studies. The snake bite pathological effects are caused few inhibitors are try to clinical trials. The (2W14) inhibitor was try to structurally whole properties are analyzed and they further research studies will focus on drug designing and molecular modeling areas.

Background: Antibiotic defiance in bacterial is a satisfactory obstacle in the latest world. Day-to-day novel dopesare being intact to defeat this drawback. The goal of this is trained used to be to check antimicrobial resistance of the Syzygium cumini Syzygium Alternifolium fruit . The dried fruit of Syzygium Cumini Syzygium Alternifolium fruits are located in a southern state of India.
Method: The extract of dried fruit and seed of Syzygium Cumini Syzygium Alternifolium was once ready through using specific solvent of Ethyl Acetate. These ready extracts have been used for evaluation of antibacterial ability in opposition to three Gram-positive bacterial stains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)and two gram-negative bacterial stains (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus).
Results: The antimicrobial ability was appraised by Disc diffusion assay of Syzygium Cumini Syzygium Alternifolium. The zone of inhibition used to be determined at the concentration of (500μg/ml) in G.Gummi-gutta Streptococcus & Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14mm), Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi (9mm), and Escherichia coli (8mm). The zone of inhibition was once determined at the concentration of (500μg/ml) in G.Sylvestre. The Streptococcus(11mm), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (9mm), Salmonella typhi(10mm), Pseudomonasaeruginosa (8mm) respectively.
Conclusion: Due to the fact, the extract confirmed a wide spectrum of the antimicrobial undertaking of each Grampositive and gram negative bacterial isolates. Comparative reports of the. Syzygium Cumini Syzygium Alternifoliumfruit and seed. The nice one among Syzygium Alternifolium. Can be utilized as a bio preservative or therapeutic agent to prevent a few illnesses. The dried fruit of Syzygium Alternifolium would characterize a novel antimicrobial obtain with steady, adoptive energetic compounds that may prove a scientific base for the consumer in recent treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is a
major health problem today, the prevalence of which in latest
years has been rapidly increasing worldwide. It was also
considered as an untreatable metabolic illness that affects about
2.8 % of the inhabitants of the world. This study was aim to
analyses the quantitative and qualitative phytochemistry and
antidiabetic activity of Sida rhombifolia leaf extract. Maximum
scavenging activity of alpha amylase inhibition assay of different
extract was observed that the ethanol exhibited comparable to the
another concentration activity in the maximum activity to
compare with another value in the inhibition. Glucose uptake by
yeast activity of different extract was observed the ethyl acetate
exhibited comparable are responsible to maximum percentage
protection. Result indicated that the sida rhombifolia(L.)plant
ethyl acetate extract shows 82.30% of activity was recorded the
Sida rhombifolia(L.) leaf extract cum. The overall results have
clearly indicated that the extract could be used as a therapeutic
agent. Though further analysis is needed as clinical trials and
other advanced approaches to confirm this as a safer therapeutic
medicine.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial,
anti-arthritic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic
and hepatoprotective characteristics of Sida rhombifolia
are included in the Malvaceae family. Most of the plant
belongs to the Malvaceae family, as they comprise a
number of phytochemicals and biological compounds, are
potential sources of different medications. This is study on
Sida rhombifolia leaf extract's tophytochemical constitue
nts. Phytochemical screening results in herbal stan-dardiz
ation and preparation and may relate the components to t
heir medicinal / pharmacological uses. The qualitative
phytochemical analysis has shown that the extract is
positive for saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols and
same extract is negative for carbohydrate, tannins,
glycosides, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins,
steroid& phytosteroids, phlobutanins, anthraquinones.
Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals includes the
estimation of flavonoid, tannin and total content of phenol.
The result suggest that the Sida rhombifolia leaves extract
consist plenty of phytochemicals beneficial in alternative
medical and pharmaceutical industries.

Medicines generally found in market are prepared from the gel and from the juice. In this study,Aloe explants were selected and propagated through in vitro propagation. The efficiency ofvarious solvents such as ethanol, water and acetone extract were analysed in this study. In vitroand ex vivo samples of succulent plants were compared for disease resistance and anti-oxidantactivity. It was found that the in vitro explants possess elevated disease resistance and higherconcentrations of anti-oxidants. Thus it can be used as an alternative to those cosmetics andmedicines made out of aloe barbadensis.

Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. It is an ancient medicinal plant containing many medicinal properties for many diseases. It is an evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula but grows wild in tropical climates round the arena and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. The species is also used for ornamental purposes and grows effectively indoors as a potted plant. There is a lack of production of Aloe leaf to meet the industry demand and so it is necessary to undertake large scale cultivation of Aloe. Large scale propagation can be standardized through Tissue culture where the yield is more and highly free from diseases, pests. In this study Aloe barbadensis were screened for important biochemical properties. As flavanoids are recognized to have potent biological activities their screening was performed along with various other test like chlorophyll test and carbohydrate test.

ABSTRACT
Objective: Auricularia polytricha is a most popular edible and medicinal fungus in China and other Asian countries because of its high nutritional
value and good taste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potency, total phenol, and flavonoid content in the hot water extract
of A. polytricha fruiting bodies.

Methods: The antioxidant property was investigated using various in vitro chemical and biological models such as 2, 2’-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
6-sulfonicacid], dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine radical scavenging assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assay, phosphomolybdenum reducing

antioxidant power assay, β-carotene bleaching and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays.
Results: A. polytricha exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner with lower EC50 values in all scavenging assays. A considerable
amount of secondary metabolites such as phenol and flavonoids were observed in the extract.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that A. polytricha has a potential significance for seeking new natural antioxidant agents against oxidative
stress.
Keywords: β-carotene bleaching, Free radicals scavenging, Lipid peroxidation, Total phenols, Total flavonoids, Wood ear mushrooms.

A high-fat diet (HFD) has been reported to adversely affect health. The prevalence of dyslipidemia resulting
from excess energy intake and physical inactivity is increasing worldwide. Abnormal lipid metabolism is a
main cause of dyslipidemia, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, obesity and overall
mortality. It has been reported that high levels of fat increase fat-mediated oxidative stress and decrease
antioxidative enzyme activity. The current study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic
effect of T. fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP) in the hyperlipidemia rats induced by a high-fat diet. In
vitro antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide extracts was assessed by using the DMPD, ABTS, OH
radical scavenging assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRAP), ferrous ion chelation and
lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. Crude polysaccharide extract of T. fuciformis (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.)
was administered to the high fat-diet induced hyperlipidemic rats for 30 days to evaluate its antihyperlipidemic
activity. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg; p.o.) was used as a standard drug. At doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, oral
administration of TFP to hyperlipidemia rats was highly effective in decreasing the levels of serum total
cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), phospholipids and
increasing the levels of serum high-densitylipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). TFP significantly suppressed
lipidperoxidation by decreasing malondaldehyde and increasing antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase,
catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and non-enzymic
antioxidants glutathione and vitamin C in serum and liver. Besides, histological morphology examination
showed that TFP prevented the damage of liver tissues induced by high-fat diet. The results demonstrated
that the polysaccharide extracts possess radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. Thus, the findings
indicate that TFP might provide protection against cardiovascular diseases.

The present study evaluated the protective potential of polysaccharide extract of Auricularia polytricha
(APP) against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction in rats. The rats were pre-treated orally
with (APP) extract at two different doses (250, 500 mg/kg) daily for a period of 21 days. After the treatment
period, ISO (85 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to rats at an interval of 24 h for 2 days. Rats receiving
a-tocopherol (100 mg/kg; p.o.) served as positive control. Isoproterenol caused a significant increase in
the activity of cardiac marker enzymes like CK, CK-MB, LDH, AST and ALT. Oxidative stress produced by
isoproterenol was significantly lowered by the administration of APP which was evident from increased
activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione
reductase) and reduced concentration of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS and conjugated dienes).
The levels of vitamin C, protein sulfhydryl groups and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also high in APP
pretreated rats. The histopathological studies also showed that APP treatment significantly minimized the
damage induced by isoproterenol. Results of our in vitro findings also confirmed that APP exhibits significant
reducing power, lipid peroxidation inhibition and radical scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS radicals.
These findings provided evidence that APP was found to be protecting the myocardium against ischemic
insult and the protective effect could attribute to its antioxidative and antihyperlipidemic activities. Thus,
APP provided cardioprotection against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Practical Manual

Medical Biochemistry is the branch of
Biochemistry that studies the chemical composition and
process in the human body. Pharmaceutical
manufacturing, clinical laboratory, molecular biology
forensic investigations are some of the interesting areas
of medical biochemistry.

“Physiology” is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system.

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.

Nanochemistry examines the current state of the field within pharmaceutical sciences and concisely explains the history of biomaterials including key developments. Written by experts in the field, this volume within the Advances in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research series deepens understanding of biomaterials and bionanotechnology within drug discovery and drug development. Each chapter delves into a particular aspect of this fast-moving field to cover the fundamental principles, advanced methodologies and technologies employed by pharmaceutical scientists, researchers and pharmaceutical industries to transform a drug candidate or new chemical entity into a final administrable dosage form, with particular focus on biomaterials and bionanomaterials.

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems.
This textbook of Basics of Biochemistry gives basic information about carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid, vitamins and minerals.

“Chemistry” is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances.

Our research attempted to investigate the impact of calcination on the synthesis procedure, thickness depen
dency, and catalytic phases of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibiting a foam-like design. The sol-gel technique of
combustion was used to generate three different stoichiometric molar proportions of extremely active
Fe:Mo:MgOcatalyst significantly powder (namely 1:0.5:13, 1:1:13, and 1:1:50). The crystalline phases of the cat
alysts were modified by calcination under Air, inert (Ar) and reduced ( )atmospheres. XRD, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), in addition to Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were utilized to examine the develop
ment of the catalytic compounds' morphological phases, size of particles, shape, and composition of ele
ments.The crystalline shapes, sizes and other morphological characteristics of the highly active catalysts were
studied by TEM. Additionally, the BET surface area as well as the average particle diameter, volume of pore, and
radius of pore were ascertained using the sorptionisotherm evaluation. Then, the combination of uncalcined
and calcined catalysts were employed to generate CNT foams through CVD approach. The CNT foam develop
ment findings were examined using a variety of physicochemical strategies. From these studies, we established
the relation between the catalytic phases and the growth of MWCNTs with foam-like morphology. Finally, the
change of the growth mechanism and diameter of the MWCNT foams over the active catalysts based on the stoi
chiometric molar ratios between the catalyst and support was analyzed through TEM studies.

Abstract: Improving and streamlining current oxidation techniques for experimental is the main goal of the research
described in the present article. By applying the pressure created while on the hydrothermal process to an
autoclave walled with Teflon, simplifying the procedure was accomplished. By comparing the degrees of func
tionalization attained with the dispersibility in the substantially pure and functionalized multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs) final product, the beneficial effect of the procedure was evaluated. In order to achieve this,
the study looked at and investigated how as-synthesized MWCNTs from Fe-Mo/MgO catalyst were simulta
neously purified and oxidized using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Aliquot-336 was used as phase
transfer catalyst (PTC) by hydrothermal method under three different pH conditions. Following functionaliza
tion, nanotubes of carbon might easily combine with various chemical reagents to generate homogeneous dis
persions or even well-aligned structures because of the functional groups linked to their surfaces. In this case, a
chemical called reagent potassium permanganate (KMnO
4
) is necessary in order to target particular -bonds while entirely destroying the nanotubes� graphene structures. The techniques have been explained in terms of mechanism, and the Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has confirmed the functionalizations of the CNTs. These approaches were further explored through FT-Raman spectrum analysis, thermal assessments, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) along with the help of EDX, and visible-near IR absorption and UV�visible absorption spectroscopy (ABS) procedures.

Abstract: In an effort to further expand the simplification of the bulk production of carbon nanotube (CNT) foams, herein a new approach based on one-step synthesis procedure is developed, where the production of the catalyst is followed by CNT foams growth in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace during acetylene decomposition over three various mole ratios of Fe: Mo: MgO: PEG sol-gel viscous precursors catalyst (viz. 1: 0.5: 13: 4.8, 1: 1: 13: 5, and 1: 1: 50: 17.3) under Ar/H2 atmosphere at various reaction conditions. The growth of multi-walled CNT foams was directly carried out i.e. without preceding any reduction and oxidation phases over viscous gels. The various parameters such as molar ratio, reaction temperature, and acetylene flow rate were optimized individually for the production of ultra-lightweight foamed CNTs. The CNT foams grown from the optimized reaction conditions were discussed by using various physicochemical characterization studies, such as XRD, FT-Raman, SEM, TEM, FE-SEM with EDX, N2 sorption isotherms and thermal analysis. The issues regarding the growth mechanism of high specific surface area CNT foams are taken in the present approach. Such a mechanism has been proposed for the carbo-thermal reduction of acetylene over the optimized viscous catalyst precursors gel at 800 °C in a CVD furnace.

Abstract
A polycrystals of amaranth dye-doped L-lysine sulphate (ALLS) was synthesized and fabricated as a single crystal utilizing the solution-based growth approach and confirmed the orthorhombic structure through XRay diffraction anlaysis. The ALLS molecule was optimized in Gaussian 09 W utilizing the density functional theory (LANL2DZ/DFT) basis. Along with PED, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy helps vibrational assignments of ALLS were both theoretically and experimentally suited to one another. The FMO energies of ALLS molecules are used to derive quantum chemical parameters. To study the properties of charges existing at the molecular structure level, DOS, MESP, and MULLIKEN studies were performed. To figure out the compound's NLO activity, hyperpolarisability values are calculated. ELF, LOL, and RDG topological studies were carried out through which the localization and delocalization of electrons were found. MEP gives the relative polarity and the UV absorption gives maximum absorption at 414 nm were recorded. Additionally, ALLS's thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The NLO behaviour of the LLS complex was improved by amaranth dye, and ALLS has been suggested as a suitable compound for the fabrication of NLO devices as an outcome of both experimental and computational results.

Semiorganic compounds enable several structural and bonding methods for the
molecular engineering of novel materials. The optical analysis, methyl orange
doped L-lysine sulfate (MLLS) is an innovative NLO material enabling the rate of
frequency up change for stronger systems with lasers in the UV range with clear
absorption. With this experimental studies the theoretical studies of the L-lysine
sulfate and its molecules were studied using Gaussian 09w software. X-ray analysis,
UV, FTIR, NMR, Mulliken Charges, HOMO-LUMO, MEP and some related thermody
namic properties were studied. The chosen nucleophilic site is symbolized by the
color red, the more popular electrophilic site has been highlighted during MEP
mapping. Spectroscopical and thermodynamical properties related to functional
behavior of molecules were also discussed with obtained results.

Acid functionalized multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT-COOH) first reacted with thionyl chloride to form acyl-chlorinated CNTs (MWCNT-COCl) which are subsequently dispersed into two polysaccharide material, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium alginate (ALG) then covalently grafted to form nanocomposite material, HPMC-MWCNTs, ALG-MWCNTs and ALG/HPMC-MWCNTs which were washed several times to remove un-reacted materials. These samples have been characterized by Fourier transform � infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission � scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then the modified nanocomposites were loaded with anticancer drug
Epirubicin (EPI). Both the loading efficiency and in-vitro release rate of the incorporated drug from the modified MWCNTs were found, and compared with respect to that of their zeta-potential. The drug binds at physiological pH and is only released at a lower pH. Through the modification of polysaccharide coating with HPMC and ALG in MWCNTs; both the loading efficiency and release rate of the incorporated drug can be controlled.
The drug loading efficiencies onto modified MWCNTs were found to be in excess of 190%.
Key Words: MWCNTs, HPMC, Epirubicin, Functionalization, Nanocomposite, Drug release efficiency

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the amazing objects of
nanoscience. Science sometimes created by accident; without meaning to, but
that will likely revolutionize the technological landscape of the century ahead.
Our society at present is significantly influenced by CNTs, shaped by
nanotube applications in every aspect, just as silicon-based technology shapes
society even today. Many tremendous changes have been achieved in CNTs
synthesis, to understand the fundamental properties, and explore possible
applications after the first observation of MWCNTs by Iijima in 1991.
However, scientists are expecting some other ground breaking materials that
will really create an impact in the way we live, in the next 20 years. In this
regard, researchers have now developed an array of synthesis procedures and
manipulation of other forms of novel carbon nanostructures; specifically to
yield carbon onions, fibers, spheres, branched CNTs, helices, cones, cages,
coils, graphenes, nano foams and most recently, porous CNT foams and 3D
graphenes etc.

The main objective of this work is to design an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in our scalable, high quality with-gram amount synthesis. The catalysts with composition of Fe, Mo, and MgO in the molar ratios 1:0.5:13, 1:1:13, and 1:1:50 were prepared by combustion method. The high acetylene conversion and carbon yield of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reaction suggest the formation of MWNTs by 1:1:50 molar ratio catalysts under pyrolysis of the pure C2H2 gas with the flow rate of about 60 mL/min at 800 C for 30 min. The catalysts and the resulting CNT samples were analyzed by XRD, TGA, FT-Raman, SEM, and TEM to establish a relation between catalyst design and MWNT yield. Raman results indicate that CNTs are in multiwalled structure, since no single-walled characteristic features appear in the 200 400 cm 1 region. We give evidence that increased carbon conversion, carbon yields and % purity of more than 65%, 1000%, and 99%, respectively, with respect to our catalysts are directly related to ratio between Fe Mo and MgO. One g of acetylene containing 0.9231 g of carbon would enter the reaction chamber, which is responsible for the 1.96, 1.9842, and 2.2356 g of the carbon deposition per 200 mg of catalyst A, B, and C respectively.

Amino acids (L-alanine, L- valine , L-histidine) doped Triglycine sulphate(TGS) crystals were grown by solution growth technique. Slow cooling as well as slow evaporation methods were employed to grow these crystals, the concentration of dopants in the mother solution was varied from 0.1 mole% to 10 mole % .The solubility data for all dopant concentrations were determined. The variation in pH and the corresponding habit modification of the grown crystals were characterized with UV - VIS, FT-IR and SHG trace elements and dielectric studies reveal slight distortion of lattice parameter for the heavily doped TGS crystals. The dopants increase the hardness value of the material, which also depends on the concentration of the dopants. Amino acids doping improved the NLO properties. The detailed results on the spectral parameters, habit modifications and constant values will be presented.
Keywords: Growth from solutions, Single crystal growth, Nonlinear optical materials, Doped TGS

The organic dye (Rhodamine B) is doped in 4-Methoxy Benzaldeyde-N-Methyl-4-StilbazoliumTosylate (MBST) crystal. Influences of super saturation and dye concentration in the solution, on the color and crystal habit of MBST, were observed. Rhodamine B in the solution at low super saturation and high dye concentration colored the pyramidal section (101) of the crystals. The highly super saturated solutions produce entirely colored crystals. The concentration of dopants in the mother solution was varied from 0.1 mole % to 10mole %. The studies on pure and doped MBST crystals clearly indicate the effect of dopants on the crystal structure, in the absorption of IR frequencies and the non-linear optical property. The frequencies with their relative intensities are obtained in FT-IR of pure and doped MBST. The very weak bands for dopants indicate its presence in low concentration. In view of the ever-growing importance of ion beams in optical material processing, this letter reports room temperature MeV Li + ion irradiation induced depletion of hydrogen from single crystalline MBST which has wide applications as a non linear optical material in optoelectronics technology. Irradiations have been performed using 25 MeV Li+ ions up to a maximum dose of 2.4 X1015 ions/cm2. Simultaneously, detecting the elastically recoiled Li atoms has done hydrogen profiling. A possible explanation of these phenomena is suggested.

Corrosion and plants extracts inhibitive protection of mild steel specimens immersed
in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid was investigated at ambient temperature by gravimetric
and metallographic methods. Extracts of Mimosa Pudika plant different
concentrations were used as 'green' inhibitors. This paper reports the results obtained from
the weight loss method, calculated corrosion rates, inhibitor efficiencies and the
metallographic observations from metallurgical microscopy. Addition of different
concentrations of the plants extracts gave considerable reduction in the weight loss and in
the corrosion rate of the test samples. This apparent corrosion inhibition was associated
with the protective film provided on the steel's surface by the complex chemical
constituents of the plants extracts. Effective protection of the mild steel was achieved more
from the leaf extract and also from the extract of mimosa Pudika.
Keywords: Hydrochloric acids, Mild steel, Corrosion.