As the foundation of today's digital infrastructure, cloud computing is boosting demand for data
centers. However, the rapid expansion of cloud services has resulted in high energy usage, raising worries
about the environment. The incorporation of renewable energy sources into cloud data centers is examined in
this research as a viable strategy to lessen the environmental effect. We examine the obstacles, prospects, and
optimal approaches for integrating renewable energy into data centers, providing a route map for attaining
carbon neutrality in cloud computing.

AIoT�the agricultural Internet of things�represents a revolutionary approach to contemporary farming by combining artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of things (IoT). This study examines the benefits of combining AI with IoT, with particular attention to how these technologies might be used in resource management, livestock tracking, and precision farming. In order to enable real-time data analysis and decision-making, the article explores the technological developments and techniques that underpin AIoT, including machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and edge computing. Increased crop yields, better resource management, and enhanced animal welfare are all made possible by the significant gains in efficiency, productivity, and sustainability that follow. The study illustrates how AIoT solutions are transforming agriculture through case studies from different locations and comparative analysis, offering concrete proof of reduced environmental impact and increased operational efficiency. The paper highlights the ecological and economic advantages of AIoT in farming through a thorough examination backed by data-driven insights.

Minimum cost spanning tree and shortest path algorithms are fundamental components of
artificial intelligence, enabling the optimization of various processes. They find applications
in network design, autonomous vehicle route planning, robotics, telecommunications, supply
chain logistics, and game development. These algorithms play a crucial role in cost-efficient
infrastructure creation, real-time navigation, obstacle avoidance, data routing, supply chain
optimization, and realistic NPC behaviour, enhancing efficiency and decision-making across
AI applications.

Language is the key to cultural identity, but rural communities are unable to access digital tools facilitating native language learning and preservation. This paper suggests that an AI voice assistant dedicated to Tamil and other local languages be developed, incorporating Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, and text-to-speech synthesis. The system being proposed is meant to facilitate bilingual learning, which will allow rural students to practice conversation, build vocabulary, and share cultural narratives. Based on context-aware AI models that have been trained using local language datasets, the assistant can learn to accommodate dialectical differences and maintain oral heritage. The architecture of the system includes offline modes, guaranteeing access in low-connectivity locations. Field trials in chosen rural schools show enhanced language understanding, enhanced speaking confidence, and greater participation in cultural learning exercises. It showcases the role of AI in bridging the digital and cultural divide and provides a scalable and sustainable solution to language learning and preservation.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a seminal shift in India's educational landscape, envisioning a holistic, flexible, and multidisciplinary education system rooted in the Indian ethos and geared toward 21st-century needs. This chapter explores the transformative vision of NEP 2020, delineates its future trajectory, and critically examines the systemic, structural, and operational obstacles that may hinder its effective realization. The policy aims to overhaul the Indian education system by introducing wide-ranging reforms in both school and higher education. Rooted in the principles of equity, quality, and universal access, it seeks to prepare students for a dynamic global ecosystem while grounding them in India's rich cultural heritage. Key reforms include the 5+3+3+4 curricular structure, the emphasis on foundational literacy and numeracy through the NIPUN Bharat Mission, the establishment of multidisciplinary universities, and the creation of the Academic Bank of Credit (ABC) for flexible learning pathways.
Drawing on recent empirical studies, policy analysis, social media discourse, and stakeholder feedback, the chapter offers a balanced, research-informed critique. It navigates the strategic opportunities presented by the policy, such as the democratization of education, enhanced global competitiveness, and a focus on skill development to improve employability. Concurrently, it addresses significant implementation challenges, including federal fragmentation, persistent financial constraints, a critical shortage of trained teachers, the deep-seated digital divide, and institutional resistance to change. The chapter provides actionable policy recommendations, emphasizing decentralized implementation, robust monitoring, and community engagement to bridge the gap between the policy's ambitious blueprint and its tangible transformation into a more equitable and enlightened educational reality.

This chapter, "Exploring Sacred Texts: “Smriti and Shruti Perspectives,” gives a detailed understanding of the first and the most important of the Hindu scriptures. The first part deals with the difference between Smriti and Shruti, and most importantly with the history of their development, as well as the procedures followed during the creation process of these texts. Subsequent to offering an understanding of philosophical pillars of Dharma, Karma and actuality of existence, this chapter defines what the texts of Shruti generally and more particularly, the Vedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas and Aranyakas contain. The discussion next shifts to the Smriti literature focussing on the epics, Puranas, Dharma Shastras, Agamas and their impact on the social, religious and Cultural aspects of the Hindus. This chapter uncovers, through a comparative analysis, the philosophical harmony and dissonance between Smriti and Shruti, its roles in society and the hundreds of interpretative traditions that later emerged. The last part of the chapter focuses on aesthetics of the writings in today’s society where other new interpretations like the feminist, ecumenical among other issues are touched on. This comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that despite some of the Smriti and Shruti seem rather lost in the present days, these two sources play a huge role in the majority of the modern Hindu’s lives and remind them of the main Hindu philosophy.

The field of computer networks has become an indispensable foundation of the modern digital era, shaping the way individuals, organizations and societies communicate, collaborate and innovate. As the interest continues to expand and evolve , and as new technologies such as 5G, cloud computing the internet of things (IoT), edge computing and artificial intelligence reshape the networking landscape , the need for a comprehensive understanding of how networks functions has never been more critical. This book , titled computer networks: principles, protocols and practice, is designed to serve as a fundamental yet in depth resource for students, educators and professional seeking to grasp the essential and applied knowledge that govern the operation and design of computer networks.

The FireFly Smart Lighting System is an advanced, Intelligent illumination solution designed specifically for the challenging environments of underground mining. Combining rugged LED hardware with programmable, multi-color lighting modes, FireFly enhances safety by providing real-time visual communication to underground personnel. The system enables dynamic demarcation of zones, emergency alerts, directional guidance during evacuations, and vehicle awareness, all centrally managed through smart control software. Its flexibility allows customization to align with sitespecific safety protocols, improving operational efficiency and reducing risk. FireFly transforms traditional lighting into a proactive safety tool, supporting safer, smarter, and more connected mining operations.

Neural networks are a class of machine learning models inspired by the structure and functioning of
the human brain. These models consist of interconnected nodes, often referred to as neurons or
artificial neurons, organized in layers. This comprehensive review explores the evolutionary
landscape of neural networks, tracing their transformative journey from foundational perceptrons to
the forefront of deep learning. The paper provides a detailed examination of the architectures,
methodologies, and breakthroughs that have defined the progression of neural networks. Special
emphasis is placed on the impact of deep learning, unraveling the complexities of contemporary
models. The review encompasses a historical perspective, highlighting pivotal milestones and
innovations that have propelled neural networks into prominence. In addition, the paper addresses
the practical applications and implications of these advancements across various domains, including
computer vision, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning. The challenges and
limitations inherent in the development of neural networks are scrutinized, offering a balanced
perspective on their capabilities. Furthermore, the review elucidates the ongoing research directions,
such as explainable AI and transfer learning, shaping the future trajectory of neural network
development. Through a synthesis of theoretical foundations and practical considerations, this paper
serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts seeking a profound
understanding of the intricate evolution of neural networks in the realm of artificial intelligence.

The recently proposed LoRa low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology is discussed and
analyzed. First of all, performance metrics of a single LoRaWAN end device has been analyzed, namely uplink
throughput and data transmission time. Then illustrative application scenario with the maximum number of end devices
which can be served by a single LoRaWAN base station has been analyzed and the spatial distribution of these devices is
discussed. The LoRa endpoints are the elements of the LoRa network where the sensing or control is undertaken. They
are normally located remotely and battery operated. They can be setup to communicate with a LoRa Gateway. The end
node comprises of a sensor, microprocessor and a LoRa transceiver. The gateway can receive from any LoRa device and
is designed to be fully customizable for a targeted application with post-processing features based on high-level
languages. It receives the transmitted data from the end devices.
KEYWORDS: LoRa, LPWAN, LoRaWAN

Although artificial intelligence is the basis of innovation, it currently affects the
banking sector. Improve customer service, credit risk assessment, asset management,
criminal investigation and compliance processes. Artificial intelligence helps many
departments through decision making, automating processes and streamlining tasks.
As a result, banks experience better profits, lower costs, better customer service and
better decisions. Although these results exceed the limits of intelligence, they still
need to be taken into account. These may be the high cost of AI, the potential for
errors, and the need for technical expertise. Specific advantages and disadvantages
depend on how AI is used.

This paper explores the mixing of IOT-pushed pc imaginative and prescient technology within
smart transportation programs. By leveraging the capabilities of Internet of Things (IOT) devices and
advanced laptop imaginative and prescient algorithms, sizable improvements can be completed in
diverse elements of transportation structures. The paper discusses the capacity of this technology in
traffic control, automobile monitoring, public protection, pedestrian protection, smart parking, visitors
violation detection, road circumstance monitoring, public delivery optimization, environmental
monitoring, and driver help systems. Through real-time statistics series, evaluation, and intelligent
choice-making, IOT-driven laptop imaginative and prescient solutions promise to decorate efficiency,
safety, and sustainability in urban transportation networks. This summary affords a concise evaluate of
the possibilities and blessings provided by way of the integration of IOT and laptop vision technologies
in clever transportation packages.
KEYWORDS: Public Protection, Pedestrian Protection, Smart Parking, Visitors Violation Detection

ABSTRACT
The broad objective of this study is the attacks, threats and vulnerabilities of cyber infrastructure, which includes hardware and software systems, networks, enterprise networks, intranets, and its use Cyber Intrusion. To achieve this objective, the paper attempts to explain the importance of the network intrusion and cyber theft. It also discusses, in vivid detail, the reasons for the accelerated spread of Cyber crimes. The paper also includes full description and definition of cyber security, its role Network intrusion and cyber identity theft plays in, reasons for the increase in discussion Cyber crimes and their impact. In closing the authors recommend some preventive measures and possible solutions to cyber security attacks, threats and vulnerabilities. The paper concludes that technology has a role to play in mitigating the impact of cyber attacks, the vulnerability remains with human behavior and psychological tendencies.

A Study on Attack, Threats, Vulnerability

Abstract:
The broad objective of this study is the attacks, threats and vulnerabilities
of cyber infrastructure, which includes hardware and software systems,
networks, enterprise networks, intranets, and its use Cyber Intrusion. To
achieve this objective, the paper attempts to explain the importance of G
in the network intrusion and cyber theft. It also discusses, in vivid detail,
the reasons for the accelerated spread of Cyber crimes. The paper also
includes full description and definition of cyber security, its role Network
intrusion and cyber identity theft plays in, reasons for the increase in
discussion Cyber crimes and their impact. In closing the authors
recommend some preventive measures and Possible solutions to cyber
security attacks, threats and vulnerabilities. The paper concludes that
While technology has a role to play in mitigating the impact of cyber
attacks, the vulnerability remains with human behavior and psychological
tendencies. While the literature supports the threats Psychological
vulnerability to cyber attacks Offers investment in organizational
education campaigns Optimism that cyber attacks can be mitigated.
Keywords: Cyber Attacks, Cyber Vulnerability, Threats, Warfare